Medical disclaimer

General information only

The clinical content on this website is general education about surgical conditions and their treatment. It is not medical advice, it is not a diagnosis, and it cannot account for your individual circumstances, history or examination findings.

It does not create a doctor–patient relationship

Reading this website, or submitting an enquiry through it, does not create a doctor–patient relationship. That relationship begins at a consultation.

Do not delay seeking advice

Never disregard professional medical advice, or delay seeking it, because of something you have read here. If you have a symptom that concerns you, arrange an assessment.

Emergencies

If you think you may have a medical emergency, contact emergency services or attend an emergency department immediately. Do not use this website, and do not wait for a reply to an enquiry.

Individual results vary

No outcome is promised or implied anywhere on this website. Surgical results depend on the condition being treated, individual factors, and circumstances that cannot be predicted in advance.

Currency of information

Medical practice changes. Content carries a publication date and a review date. Guidance from national and international bodies may have changed since a page was last reviewed, and guidance also differs between countries.

External links

Links to external sources are provided for reference. Responsibility is not accepted for the content of external websites.